The biological definition of peptide is as follows
Peptides have a clear definition in molecular biology: natural active substances formed by covalent connection of two or more amino acids through peptide bonds widely exist in nature and living organisms and play an important role in the process of life. Multiple amino acids are dehydrated and condensed to form polypeptides. When the polypeptide is large enough, generally more than 50 amino acids are called proteins.
Oligopeptides, peptides and cyclic peptides
Peptide is a kind of substance with the most activity, easy absorption and high physiological function potency between macromolecular protein and amino acid; it is an important active substance in organism.
Peptides in nature are generally composed of L-type α – amino acids. In synthetic peptides, unnatural amino acids and various biomolecules can be added to the peptide chain (not only the peptide sequence of natural amino acids can be synthesized, but also special amino acids can be used to synthesize peptide chains and modify various peptide chains according to customer requirements). The number of amino acids composed of peptides is 2, 3 and 4 They are called dipeptides, tripeptides and tetrapeptides
According to the number of amino acids, we are used to call the peptide chain composed of less than 10 amino acids as oligopeptide; the peptide composed of more than 10 amino acids is called polypeptide.
We name them according to the molecular weight of the peptide chain: the peptide which is composed of amino acids and whose molecular weight is between 180 and 5000 can be called “peptide”.
The molecular weight between 180 and 1000 is called “small peptide”, “oligopeptide”, “oligopeptide”, also known as small molecular active polypeptide, which is generally composed of 2-6 amino acids. Peptides with molecular weight between 1000 and 3000 are called “polypeptides”, and peptides with molecular weights between 3000 and 5000 are called “large peptides”.
As the name suggests, the peptide chain is circular in structure (non ring is called straight chain peptide).
The cyclization patterns of cyclic peptides can be divided into head and tail linked peptides, side chain and side chain linked cyclic peptides, side chain and end group linked cyclic peptides, cyclic peptides containing disulfide bridges, and cyclic peptides containing other bridging structures. In terms of synthesis methods, the synthesis of end-to-end cyclic peptides is the most difficult.
The role of peptides in life activities
With the continuous development of science and technology, people have further realized that peptide is one of the very important material bases of life, which is involved in all aspects of life activities. It affects many important physiological functions in organism. It can be used as nerve regulator, neurotransmitter and hormone to participate in receptor-mediated signal transduction. At present, we know that more than 100 kinds of active peptides play roles in the central, peripheral nervous system, cardiovascular system, digestive system and immune system. Peptides also affect the information exchange between cells through the interaction with receptors, and participate in many biochemical processes, such as metabolism, pain, regeneration and immune response.
Polypeptides in life
With the development of peptide manufacturing technology, more and more expensive polypeptide products have entered people’s daily life, especially in the field of cosmetics. Polypeptides have become one of the most important active ingredients in anti wrinkle and anti-aging, and play an irreplaceable role in removing eye bags and dark circles, whitening and beautifying body, and promoting hair growth.
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