- China Biotechnology Network
- According to the previous mutant phenotype of twisted seed1 (tws1) polypeptide is very similar to gso1 / gso2 double mutant.
- Shengnuo Biotechnology is a high-tech China polypeptide manufacturers,who has over 19 years experience for the biotechnology .Our Products involve peptide raw materials,polypeptide drug.
China Biotechnology Network
Plant embryo epidermis is a hydrophobic barrier deposited from embryo during seed development. It can protect seedlings from water loss during seed germination, so it is essential for survival. However, the molecular mechanism of cuticle synthesis is still unclear.
Earlier this year, science magazine published an online research paper entitled “a two-way molecular dialogue between embryo and endosperm is required for seed development” from the g. Ingram research group of Lyon University in France.
This study revealed that the two-way signal transmission between embryo and endosperm is necessary for seed development. In other words, it was found that the embryo produced the precursor of peptide tws1, which was then transported to the endosperm, where it was processed by subtilisin to release the active peptide, and then diffused to the embryo as a ligand to activate the receptor like kinase that drives the development of cuticle.
In angiosperms, seeds contain three different compartments: zygotic embryo, endosperm and female seed coat. The development of these three regions must be closely coordinated in order to improve the survival ability of seeds. The hydrophobic epidermis around the embryo can protect the embryo from water loss in the early growth stage.
Previous studies have shown that the formation of cuticle in embryo epidermis depends on two receptor like kinases (gasso1 (gso1) / gso2) and subtilisin family ale1. Gso1 / gso2 and ale1 mutants produce patchy and highly permeable epidermis. In addition, the embryos of the mutants also adhere to the surrounding tissues, causing seed distortion phenotype (see figure below).
Seed phenotype of gso1 / gso2 and ale1 mutants (development 140, 770-779 (2013))
This study is based on the fact that subtilisin is related to the processing of peptide hormone precursors. Therefore, the authors speculate that ale1 enzyme may be necessary for the production of peptides required for gso1 / 2-dependent epidermal deposition. Since previous studies have shown that CIFS peptides are ligands of gso1 and gso2 kinases, we constructed four mutants of cif1 / cif2 / CIF3 / cif4 and the tyrosyl protein sulfotransferase (TPST), which produces these peptides.
The study found that no epidermal permeability or seed distortion phenotype was observed in the four mutants, but a phenotype similar to ale1 mutant was found in the TPST mutant It is clear that the sulfated peptide can act as a ligand of gso1 / 2 during seed development.
It was further found that the phenotype of TPST / ale1 double mutant was the same as that of gso1 / gso2 double mutant, but no difference was observed between tpst-1 / gso1-1 / gso2-1 triple mutant and gso1-1 / gso2-1 double mutant, which indicated that TPST and ale1 may play their respective roles in the formation of embryo cuticle through independent post-translational modification.
According to the previous mutant phenotype of twisted seed1 (tws1) polypeptide is very similar to gso1 / gso2 double mutant.
The experimental data show that tws1 precursor can be processed into mature tws1 peptide mediated by ale1. In addition, the synthesis of tws1 in the form of tyrosine sulfate in vitro showed that the synthesized tws1 could induce ectopic endoderm lignification, and the process was gso1 dependent, which indicated that tws1 peptide was a ligand of gso1 kinase in Laminaria japonica.
After that, it was further confirmed that tws1 is a ligand of gso1 and gso2 by measuring the dissociation constants between them (see figure below). It is also confirmed that tyrosine sulfation is essential for the interaction of tws1 with gso1 and gso2 in vitro.
Finally, the aim of this study was to understand how peptides tws1, tpast, gso1 / gso2 kinase and ale1 cooperate to ensure the formation of functional stratum corneum. This study showed that ale1 was only expressed in endosperm, and tws1 sulfation needed to be carried out in embryo to ensure epidermal integrity.
Therefore, this study suggests that the activation of GSO signaling pathway depends on the diffusion of tws1 peptide precursor into endosperm, where it is processed and activated by ale1, and then diffused back to the embryo to trigger gso1 / 2-dependent epidermal deposition, and the intact epidermis will separate subtilisin from its substrate, thus terminating signal transduction.
Molecular mechanism of cuticle formation of embryo epidermis in seeds
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