The amino protecting group of the carboxylic anhydride of amino acids can also activate the carboxyl group.
Principle of NCA: under alkaline conditions, amino acid anions and NCA form a more stable carbamate ion, which loses carbon dioxide during acidification and forms dipeptides. The resulting dipeptides were combined with other NCA and repeated.
NCA is suitable for peptide synthesis of short chain peptide fragments. It has the advantages of short cycle, simple operation, low cost and high molecular weight. It accounts for a large proportion in the current peptide synthesis and the technology is more general.
Combinatorial chemistry
In the 1980s, based on the solid-phase peptide synthesis, combinatorial chemistry method was put forward, that is, the amino acid building units were connected by combination to synthesize a chemical library containing a large number of compounds, and a set of peptide synthesis strategies and screening schemes with certain physical and chemical properties or pharmacological activities were screened out.
The peptide synthesis strategies of combinatorial chemistry mainly include: mixing average method, iterative method, light controlled positioning combination library method, tea bag method and so on. The greatest advantage of combinatorial chemistry is that it can synthesize many kinds of compounds at the same time, and can screen various new compounds and their isomers maximally.
Enzymolysis
Enzymatic hydrolysis is the use of biological enzymes to degrade plant and animal proteins to obtain small molecular peptides. Because of its low yield, high investment, long cycle and serious pollution, enzymatic hydrolysis has not been industrialized. The peptides obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis can retain the original nutritional value of protein, and can obtain more functions than the original protein, more green and more healthy.
Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering is mainly based on DNA recombination technology, through the appropriate DNA template to control the peptide sequence synthesis. Some researchers have obtained the quasi elastin poly (valine proline glycine valine glycine) peptide (VPGVG) by genetic engineering.
The active peptides produced by genetic engineering technology include peptide antibiotics, interferon, interleukin, growth factors, tumor necrosis factor, human growth hormone, blood coagulation factor, erythropoietin, tissue non protein plasminogen, etc.
The synthetic peptide by genetic engineering has the advantages of strong expression orientation, safety and health, wide source of raw materials and low cost. However, due to the problems of high expression, difficult separation and low yield, it is difficult to realize large-scale production.
Fermentation method
Fermentation is a method to obtain peptides from microbial metabolites. Although the cost of fermentation method is low, its application scope is narrow, because the only poly amino acids that microorganisms can synthesize independently are ε – polylysine (ε – PL), γ – polyglutamic acid (γ – PGA) and cyanobacterial peptide.
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