Acute decompensated heart failure，ADHF Acute onset of heart failure in the rescue treatment Levosimendan

Acute decompensated heart failure，ADHF Acute onset of heart failure in the rescue treatment Levosimendan

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Levosimendan is an inodilator indicated for the short-term treatment of acutely decompensated severe chronic heart failure, and in situations where conventional therapy is not considered adequate.

The principal pharmacological effects of levosimendan are (a) increased cardiac contractility by calcium sensitisation of troponin C, (b) vasodilation, and (c) cardioprotection. These last two effects are related to the opening of sarcolemmal and mitochondrial potassium-ATP channels, respectively.

Data from clinical trials indicate that levosimendan improves haemodynamics with no attendant significant increase in cardiac oxygen consumption and relieves symptoms of acute heart failure;

these effects are not impaired or attenuated by the concomitant use of beta-blockers. Levosimendan also has favourable effects on neurohormone levels in heart failure patients.

Levosimendan is generally well tolerated in acute heart failure patients: the most common adverse events encountered in this setting are hypotension, headache, atrial fibrillation, hypokalaemia and tachycardia.

Levosimendan has also been studied in other therapeutic applications, particularly cardiac surgery – in which it has shown a range of beneficial haemodynamic and cardioprotective effects, and a favourable influence on clinical outcomes – and has been evaluated in repetitive dosing protocols in patients with advanced chronic heart failure.

Levosimendan has shown preliminary positive effects in a range of conditions requiring inotropic support, including right ventricular failure, cardiogenic shock, septic shock, and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.

Interest in developing new drugs for the treatment of acute heart failure (AHF) remains high and the past, present and future of diuretics, vasodilators and inotropes is source of debate and expectations [1].

Among these three drug therapies, is the inotropic one which is raising the most controversies [2]. While waiting for new promising drugs to be confirmed as serious players [3], the present manuscript aims to review the latest addition to the available repertoire of inotropes and inodilators, levosimendan (Figure 1).

Levosimendan Structural Formula:

Diseases and fields of Levosimendan

Product	Status	Indication of dosage form	Market
Levosimendan	Commercial	acute decompensated heart failure，ADHF Acute onset of heart failure in the rescue treatment	Overseas Domestic

Levosimendan Specifications

Synthesis mode	chemic synthesis，solid phase synthesis
Categories	APIsPeptides; Biopharmaceuticals
Sales markets	Western Europe; Asia; North America; Central/South America
Supplied from	China
Selling Points	International Approvals/Standards

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